Synaptotagmin II peptide-bead conjugate for botulinum toxin enrichment and detection in microchannels.

Double Sandwich ELISA Modified Method for the Detection of Clostridium Botulinum Type E

Background & Objective: A very small amount of botulinum toxin can cause death and on the other hand, there is no cure for its poison other than antitoxin. Therefore, a diagnostic method that can detect very small amounts of botulinum toxin in a short time is very important. In this study, rapid and accurate detection of botulinum toxin type E has been performed with the double sandwich ELISA m...

Immunogenic and Protective Potentials of Recombinant Receptor Binding Domain and a C-Terminal Fragment of Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin Type E

Clostridium Botulinum Type E neurotoxin heavy chain consists of two domains: the translocation domain asthe N-terminal half and the binding domain as the Cterminal half (Hc). One effective way to neutralize botulinum neurotoxin is to inhibit binding of this toxin to neuromuscular synapses with antibodies against binding domain. Two synthetic genes, coding for Hc (the full length binding d...

Botulinum neurotoxin D-C uses synaptotagmin I/II as receptors and human synaptotagmin II is not an effective receptor for type B, D-C, and G toxins

Self-assembled peptide monolayers as a toxin sensing mechanism within arrayed microchannels.

A sensor for the lethal bacterial enzyme, botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A), was developed using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). SAMs consisting of an immobilized synthetic peptide that mimicked the toxin's in vivo SNAP-25 protein substrate were formed on Au and interfaced with arrayed microfluidic channels. Efforts to optimize SAM composition and assay conditions for greatest reaction eff...

Ca2+-induced changes in SNAREs and synaptotagmin I correlate with triggered exocytosis from chromaffin cells: insights gleaned into the signal transduction using trypsin and botulinum toxins.

Ca2+-triggered catecholamine exocytosis from chromaffin cells involves SNAP-25, synaptobrevin and syntaxin (known as SNAREs). Synaptotagmin I has been implicated as the Ca2+-sensor because it binds Ca2+, and this enhances its binding to syntaxin, SNAP-25 and phospholipids in vitro. However, most of these interactions are only mediated by [Ca2+]i two orders of magnitude higher than that needed t...